J. Hydrol. Hydromech., Vol. 70, No. 4, 2022, p. 385 - 387, doi: 10.2478/johh-2022-0036
Information, English
Artemi Cerda, Brian A. Ebel, Dalila Serpa, Ľubomír Lichner: Introduction to the special issue on fire impacts on hydrological processes
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- Data not available
KEY WORDS: Data not available
Address:
- Artemi Cerda, Soil Erosion and Degradation Research Group, Department of Geography, Valencia University, Blasco Ibanez, 28, 46010 Valencia,
Spain.
- Brian A. Ebel, U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Mission Area, Burlington, Vermont, USA.
- Dalila Serpa, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Dept. Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro,
Portugal.
- Ľubomír Lichner, Institute of Hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia.
J. Hydrol. Hydromech., Vol. 70, No. 4, 2022, p. 388 - 400, doi: 10.2478/johh-2022-0033
Review, English
Brian A. Ebel, Joseph W. Wagenbrenner, Alicia M. Kinoshita, Kevin D. Bladon: Hydrologic recovery after wildfire: A framework of approaches, metrics,
criteria, trajectories, and timescales
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- Deviations in hydrologic processes due to wildfire can alter streamflows across the hydrograph, spanning peak
flows to low flows. Fire-enhanced changes in hydrologic processes, including infiltration, interception, and
evapotranspiration, and the resulting streamflow responses can affect water supplies, through effects on the quantity,
quality, and timing of water availability. Post-fire shifts in hydrologic processes can also alter the timing and magnitude
of floods and debris flows. The duration of hydrologic deviations from a pre-fire condition or function, sometimes termed
hydrologic recovery, is a critical concern for land, water, and emergency managers. We reviewed and summarized
terminology and approaches for defining and assessing hydrologic recovery after wildfire, focusing on statistical and
functional definitions. We critically examined advantages and drawbacks of current recovery assessment methods, outline
challenges to determining recovery, and call attention to selected opportunities for advancement of post-fire hydrologic
recovery assessment. Selected challenges included hydroclimatic variability, post-fire land management, and spatial and
temporal variability. The most promising opportunities for advancing assessment of hydrologic recovery include: (1)
combining statistical and functional recovery approaches, (2) using a greater diversity of post-fire observations
complemented with hydrologic modeling, and (3) defining optimal assemblages of recovery metrics and criteria for
common hydrologic concerns and regions.
KEY WORDS: Recovery; Wildland fire; Hydrologic function; Statistical recovery; Functional recovery; Ecosystem services.
Address:
- Brian A. Ebel, U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Mission Area, Burlington, Vermont, USA. (Corresponding author. Tel.: Fax.: Email: bebel@usgs.gov)
- Joseph W. Wagenbrenner, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Arcata, CA, USA.
- Alicia M. Kinoshita, Department of Civil Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Kevin D. Bladon, Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
J. Hydrol. Hydromech., Vol. 70, No. 4, 2022, p. 401 - 409, doi: 10.2478/johh-2022-0025
Scientific Paper, English
Irena Atanassova, Milena Harizanova, Maya Benkova, Stefan H. Doerr: Changes in organic molecular marker signatures in soils amended with
biochar during a three-year experiment with maize on a Fluvisol
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- Biochar is widely used as a soil amendment to improve soil properties and as a tool to absorb net carbon from
the atmosphere. In this study we determined the signatures of organic molecular markers in soil following the
incorporation of 5 and 10 t/ha biochar in a Fluvisol, cultivated with maize at the experimental field of the ISSAPP “N.
Poushkarov” institute in Bulgaria. The n-alkane distribution in the biochar treated soils was uni- or bimodal maximizing
at n-C17 alkane, n-C18 or C18 branched alkanes, i.e. there was an imprint of biomass burning, e.g. from the biochar due
to predominance of short chain (< C20) homologues and increased microbial activity (presence of branched alkanes).
This is also confirmed by the values for the average chain length (ACL) of n-alkanes which indicated prevalence of
homologues of shorter chain (20–21 C atoms) in the variants of longer biochar residence time. There was evidence of
trans-13-docosenamide, which originated from biochar. Fatty acids and fatty alcohols distributions also implicate
microbial contribution to soil organic matter (SOM), supporting the suggestion that biochar addition can improve soil
microbiological status.
KEY WORDS: Biochar; Organic molecular markers; Fluvisol.
Address:
- Irena Atanassova, Institute of Soil Science, Agrotechnologies and Plant Protection, Department of Agrochemistry, Agroecology and Soil Tillage, 7 Shosse
Bankya Str., Sofia 1331, Bulgaria. (Corresponding author. Tel.: Fax.: Email: i.d.atanassova@abv.bg)
- Milena Harizanova, Institute of Soil Science, Agrotechnologies and Plant Protection, Department of Agrochemistry, Agroecology and Soil Tillage, 7 Shosse
Bankya Str., Sofia 1331, Bulgaria.
- Maya Benkova, Institute of Soil Science, Agrotechnologies and Plant Protection, Department of Agrochemistry, Agroecology and Soil Tillage, 7 Shosse
Bankya Str., Sofia 1331, Bulgaria.
- Stefan H. Doerr, Department of Geography, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
J. Hydrol. Hydromech., Vol. 70, No. 4, 2022, p. 410 - 420, doi: 10.2478/johh-2022-0031
Scientific Paper, English
Gaetano Caltabellotta, Massimo Iovino, Vincenzo Bagarello: Intensity and persistence of water repellency at different soil moisture
contents and depths after a forest wildfire
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- The Mediterranean mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest of Moarda (Palermo) was affected by a large
wildfire in summer 2020. In spring 2021, burned and unburned loam soil sites were sampled and the water drop
penetration time (WDPT) and ethanol percentage (EP) tests applied to assess the influence of wetting-drying processes
and soil water content on post-fire soil water repellency (SWR) as well as its vertical distribution. According to the
WDPT test, the surface layer of the natural unburned soils was severely hydrophobic at intermediate soil water contents
roughly corresponding to wilting point and SWR reduced either for very dry conditions (air- or oven-dried conditions) or
wetter conditions close to field capacity. For these soils, EP test yielded results in agreement with WDPT. An influence
of the wetting/drying cycle was detected as, for a given soil water content, WDPT was generally higher for the drying
than the wetting process. The surface of burned soils was always wettable independently of the soil water content. The
vertical distribution of SWR was modified by wildfire and the maximum hydrophobicity layer, that was located at the
surface of the unburned soils, moved to a depth of 2–4 cm in the soils of burned sites. The results confirmed that wildfire
can induce destruction of soil water repellency (SWR) naturally occurring at the surface of forest soils and create a
shallow hydrophobic layer that may increase overland flow and erosion risk.
KEY WORDS: Wildfire; Soil water repellency; Water drop penetration time test; Ethanol percentage test.
Address:
- Gaetano Caltabellotta, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari e Forestali, Universita degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 4 Ingr. E, 90128
Palermo, Italy.
- Massimo Iovino, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari e Forestali, Universita degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 4 Ingr. E, 90128
Palermo, Italy. (Corresponding author. Tel.:+39 091 23897070 Fax.: Email: massimo.iovino@unipa.it)
- Vincenzo Bagarello, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari e Forestali, Universita degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 4 Ingr. E, 90128
Palermo, Italy.
J. Hydrol. Hydromech., Vol. 70, No. 4, 2022, p. 421 - 431, doi: 10.2478/johh-2022-0024
Scientific Paper, English
Hana Fajković, Maja Ivanić, Ivan Nemet, Sanda Rončević, Štefica Kampić, Dana Leontić Vazdar: Heat–induced changes in soil properties: fires as cause for remobilization of
chemical elements
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- Exposure of soil constituents to elevated temperatures during wildfire can significantly affect their properties
and consequently, increase the mobility of the bound contaminants. To estimate the potential of wildfires to influence
metal remobilization from the burned soil due to the changes in cation exchange capacity (CEC) after organic matter
combustion and mineral alteration and degradation, changes in soil properties after exposure to different temperatures
was investigated. This was accomplished through analysis of geochemical, mineralogical and surface physicochemical
properties of a soil sample exposed to different temperatures in a laboratory. Heating the soil sample at 200 °C, 500 °C
and 850 °C resulted in an increase in pH (from 5.9 to 12.3), decrease in cation exchange capacity (from 47.2 to 7.3
cmol+kg–1) and changes in the specific surface area (observed only at 500 °C), that are associated with structural
modifications of clay minerals and ferromagnetic minerals. Extraction analysis showed the increase in the concentration
of almost all analysed elements (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn and Zn) in soil eluates. The observed increase, following high–
temperature heating (500 °C and 850 °C), was as much as 15 times higher (e.g., Al), compared to the native soil sample
(25 °C). This strongly indicates that wildfire can act as a trigger for remobilization of heavy metals.
KEY WORDS: Heating; Soil; Trace metals; Physicochemical properties.
Address:
- Hana Fajković, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
- Maja Ivanić, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia. (Corresponding author. Tel.:+385 1 456 1176 Fax.: Email: mivanic@irb.hr)
- Ivan Nemet, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
- Sanda Rončević, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
- Štefica Kampić, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
- Dana Leontić Vazdar, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
J. Hydrol. Hydromech., Vol. 70, No. 4, 2022, p. 432 - 441, doi: 10.2478/johh-2022-0035
Scientific Paper, English
Leandro M. Godoy, Liliana B. Simoes, Martinho A.S. Martins, Ana I. Machado, Jan J. Keizer: An exploratory study into ash mobilization using lysimeters
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- Wildfires burn vegetation and leave the resultant organic and inorganic ash into the soil surface. Depending on
the temperatures and burn durations, the quantity and type of ash can vary widely. Ash mobilization following wildfire is
a topic of major concern, since it may result in contamination of surface water bodies within and downstream of the
burnt areas.
The present study aims to analyse the influence of black and white ash on surface runoff, leachate and total erosion
and erosion of organic matter by running a field experiment along 6 weeks, using three replicate lysimeters with control
soil, soil with addition of black ash and soil with addition of white ash. There was some suggestion but no statistical
evidence that black ash reduced overland flow generation during the initial rainfall events, while black ash was found to
increase sediment and organic matter losses by overland flow in a statistically significant manner. This was not during
the initial rainfall events and, therefore, not directly related to the presence of a homogenous cover of a well-defined ash
layer on the soil surface.
KEY WORDS: Wildfire; Ash; Runoff; Leachate; Erosion.
Address:
- Leandro M. Godoy, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Dept. Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro,
Portugal.
- Liliana B. Simoes, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Dept. Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro,
Portugal.
- Martinho A.S. Martins, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Dept. Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro,
Portugal. (Corresponding author. Tel.:+351 916499823 Fax.: Email: martinho.martins@ua.pt)
- Ana I. Machado, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Dept. Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro,
Portugal.
- Jan J. Keizer, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Dept. Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro,
Portugal.
J. Hydrol. Hydromech., Vol. 70, No. 4, 2022, p. 442 - 449, doi: 10.2478/johh-2022-0034
Scientific Paper, English
Slavomír Hološ, Peter Šurda, Ľubomír Lichner, Anton Zvala, Vladimír Píš: Fire-induced changes in soil properties depend on age and type of forests
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- Wildfires affect different physical, chemical, and hydraulic soil properties, and the magnitude of their effects
varies depending on intrinsic soil properties and wildfire characteristics. The objectives of this study are: to estimate the
impact of heating temperature (50–900°C) on the properties of sandy soil (Arenosol) taken in 1) coniferous forests (Scots
pine Pinus sylvestris) of different ages (30 and 100 years); and 2) coniferous (Scots pine Pinus sylvestris) and deciduous
(alder Alnus glutinosa) forests of the same age (30 years). The forests are located in the central part of the Borská nížina
lowland (western Slovakia), and the properties treated were soil organic carbon content (SOC), pH, and soil water
repellency (measured in terms of water drop penetration time, WDPT). It was found that the impact of heating
temperature on the properties of sandy soil is great and depends on both the age and type of forest. The SOC value
decreased unevenly with temperature in all three soils, and it was higher in the 30-year-old deciduous forest soil than in
the 30-year-old coniferous forest soil. The value of pH increased monotonously with temperature from 200 °C, and it
was higher in 30-year-old coniferous forest soil than in the 100-year-old coniferous forest soil. SOC and WDPT in the
100-year-old coniferous forest soil were higher than SOC and WDPT in the 30-year-old coniferous forest soil. Results
obtained (decrease in SOC, disappearance of SWR after heating to 400 °C, and increase in pH from heating temperature
200 °C) bring important information for post-fire vegetation restoration and post-fire management of Central European
forests established on sandy soil.
KEY WORDS: Sandy soil; Soil water repellency; Soil heating; Soil organic carbon; pH; water drop penetration time.
Address:
- Slavomír Hološ, Institute of Hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia. Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Institute of Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra,
Hospodárska 7, Nitra, Slovakia.
- Peter Šurda, Institute of Hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia. (Corresponding author. Tel.: Fax.: Email: surda@uh.savba.sk)
- Ľubomír Lichner, Institute of Hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia.
- Anton Zvala, Institute of Hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia.
- Vladimír Píš, Soil Science and Conservation Research Institute, National Agricultural and Food Centre, Trenčianska 55, Bratislava, Slovakia.
J. Hydrol. Hydromech., Vol. 70, No. 4, 2022, p. 450 - 461, doi: 10.2478/johh-2022-0032
Scientific Paper, English
Tailin Li, Jakub Jeřábek, Jan Winkler, Magdalena Daria Vaverková, David Zumr: Effects of prescribed fire on topsoil properties: a small-scale straw burning
experiment
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- A grassland was burned to investigate how a short prescribed fire affected soil physical and hydraulic properties,
soil water balance, and emergent vegetation. Three years before the experiment at Řisuty, Czech Republic, the grassland
was re-established on arable soil. At the experimental site there is a weather station and sensors measuring soil temperature
and moisture at three different depths. The 5 m × 5 m burned plot was compared to a nearby unburned reference location.
The loamy Cambisol soil was not water-repellent. 250 m2 of sun-dried grass was raked and burned at the burned plot. The
fire lasted approximately 15-minute and reached 700 °C. Soil samples were taken immediately after the fire and weekly to
monthly thereafter to quantify organic carbon content, soil structure stability, hydraulic conductivity, bulk density, and
texture. According to the research results, it appears that temporary burning improved the hydraulic properties of the
topsoil. The fire plot's infiltration capacity was increased, and soil water content was higher than the control plot throughout
the year, providing suitable habitat for colonizing vegetation. The results suggest that small-scale controlled biomass
burning can be risk-free to the soil ecosystem and may even temporarily improve the hydraulic properties of the upper soil
layer.
KEY WORDS: Prescribed fire; Grassland; Topsoil dynamics; Post-fire soil properties.
Address:
- Tailin Li, Department of Landscape Water Conservation, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 16629, Prague, Czech
Republic.
- Jakub Jeřábek, Department of Landscape Water Conservation, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 16629, Prague, Czech
Republic.
- Jan Winkler, Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Magdalena Daria Vaverková, Department of Applied and Landscape Ecology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 61300 Brno, Czech
Republic. Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, ul. Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
- David Zumr, Department of Landscape Water Conservation, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 16629, Prague, Czech
Republic. (Corresponding author. Tel.: Fax.: Email: david.zumr@fsv.cvut.cz)
J. Hydrol. Hydromech., Vol. 70, No. 4, 2022, p. 462 - 474, doi: 10.2478/johh-2022-0028
Scientific Paper, English
Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja, Cristina Fernández, Pedro Antonio Plaza-Alvarez, Bruno Gianmarco Carra, Demetrio Antonio Zema: Variability of soil properties with fire severity in pine forests and reforested
areas under Mediterranean conditions
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- It is well known how fires affect the properties of forest soils depending on its severity. A better
understanding of the magnitude of these impacts is essential to setup effective management actions after fire against the
losses of soil and biodiversity. However, physical, chemical and biological processes in burnt soils are complex,
resulting in a diversity of fire-induced changes, as acknowledged in many literature studies. Moreover, these changes
may be even variable between natural forests and reforested areas. This study explores the changes in the most important
soil properties with fire severity, from low to high. The main chemical parameters of soils were measured after field
sampling in different pine forests (burnt natural stands, reforested areas as well as unburnt sites) of Castilla La Mancha
(Central Eastern Spain). In comparison to the unburnt soils, the investigation has shown in the burnt areas: (i) no evident
changes in soil pH at all fire severities, except in natural stands burnt at a very high severity (showing an increase of
about 10%); (ii) increases in the organic carbon content (by about 70%) of soils burnt at a moderate fire severity under
both forest ecosystems, and in reforested areas at very high fire severities (+95%); (iii) small differences in the nitrogen
content of soil, except for a significant increase measured in soils burnt at an moderate fire severity under both the
natural pine stand and reforested area (about +300%); (iv) a limited variability of the phosphorous content in the soil,
with only an increase in soils under natural pine stands burnt at moderate fire severity (by 250%); (v) increases in
magnesium and potassium contents in soils burnt at the highest fire severities for both land conditions, and decreases in
calcium content in reforested areas burnt at the highest severity. Due to some negative impacts (increase in pH and
decrease in organic carbon), the implementation of post-fire management actions at natural pine stands burnt at the
highest fire severity should be a priority over reforested areas. Overall, this study did not show a straightforward pattern
between soil properties, fire severity and land condition. This means that other parameters (for instance, the hydrological
properties of soils) that were not explored in this investigation could have played an important role, and therefore must
be taken into consideration when defining post-fire management actions.
KEY WORDS: Pine natural stand; Pine reforestation; Soil changes; Soil organic carbon; Nutrients; Post-fire management.
Address:
- Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja, Castilla La Mancha University, School of Advanced Agricultural and Forestry Engineering. Department of Agroforestry Technology and
Science and Genetics, Campus Universitario s/n, E-02071, Albacete, Spain.
- Cristina Fernández, Centro de Investigación Forestal-Lourizán, Xunta de Galicia, P.O. Box 127, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain.
- Pedro Antonio Plaza-Alvarez, Castilla La Mancha University, School of Advanced Agricultural and Forestry Engineering. Department of Agroforestry Technology and
Science and Genetics, Campus Universitario s/n, E-02071, Albacete, Spain.
- Bruno Gianmarco Carra, Castilla La Mancha University, School of Advanced Agricultural and Forestry Engineering. Department of Agroforestry Technology and
Science and Genetics, Campus Universitario s/n, E-02071, Albacete, Spain.
- Demetrio Antonio Zema, Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria, Department AGRARIA, Localita Feo di Vito, I-89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy. (Corresponding author. Tel.: Fax.: Email: dzema@unirc.it)
J. Hydrol. Hydromech., Vol. 70, No. 4, 2022, p. 475 - 480, doi: 10.2478/johh-2022-0029
Scientific Paper, English
Fara Aiza Md Sanin, Nor Eliza Alias, Kasturi Devi Kanniah, Mariyana Aida Ab. Kadir, Izni Izzati Mohamad, Rasnavi Paramasivam: Open data application to evaluate exposure of wildfire to water resources:
A case study in Johor, Malaysia
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- Climate change impacts wildfire events as well as water availability. Exposure of water resources to wildfire
can reduce water quality supplied to humans and resulting health problems. On the other hand, water resources such as
rivers and ponds are essential in wildfire firefighting. This paper intended to assess spatially the exposure of water
resources to wildfire. A case study in Johor, Malaysia is utilised to asses and determine locations of water bodies in an
area which are vulnerable to wildfire. Post wildfire runoff water can contaminate water resources. Fire data collected by
MODIS from 2000–2020 are used to create a hotspot map. Water resources and waterbody data originated from
Department of Surveying and Mapping Malaysia used to identify the stream and dams that are exposed to wildfire. 5
class exposure level has been set to show the degree of closeness of water resources to wildfire hotspot area. Using the
spatial analysis method, low to high level of potential wildfire-water exposures were able to be locate. Analysis shows,
7% of Johor's water sources is exposed to medium levels of wildfire, while just 1% is exposed to the highest levels. The
majority of the streams have very low levels of exposure. In addition, the wildfire-water exposure map aids in first
respondent preparedness and planning.
KEY WORDS: Water resources; Hotspots; Wildfire; Exposure; Spatial analysis.
Address:
- Fara Aiza Md Sanin, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
- Nor Eliza Alias, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor,
Malaysia. (Corresponding author. Tel.: Fax.: Email: noreliza@utm.my)
- Kasturi Devi Kanniah, Tropical Map Research Group, Faculty of Built Environment & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor,
Malaysia.
- Mariyana Aida Ab. Kadir, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
- Izni Izzati Mohamad, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
- Rasnavi Paramasivam, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.